3LOF

C-terminal domain of human heat shock 70kDa protein 1B.

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d3lofa1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
A	d3lofa2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d3lofb1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d3lofb2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d3lofc1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C	d3lofc2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d3lofd1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d3lofd2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d3lofe1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d3lofe2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d3loff1	All alpha proteins	immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	automated matches	automated matches	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d3loff2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	HSP70_3rd	e3lofA1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)
B	HSP70_3rd	e3lofB1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)
C	HSP70_3rd	e3lofC1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)
D	HSP70_3rd	e3lofD1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)
E	HSP70_3rd	e3lofE1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)
F	HSP70_3rd	e3lofF1	A: alpha bundles	X: immunoglobulin/albumin-binding domain-like	H: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain (From Topology)	T: Heat shock protein 70kD (HSP70), C-terminal subdomain	F: HSP70_3rd	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)
B	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)
C	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)
D	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)
E	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)
F	1.20.1270.10	Mainly Alpha	Up-down Bundle	Substrate Binding Domain Of Dnak	Chain:A	CATH (4.3.0)

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1	protein binding binding C3HC4-type RING finger domain binding protein domain specific binding molecular function inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity transcription regulator inhibitor activity denatured protein binding misfolded protein binding histone deacetylase binding enzyme binding protein-containing complex destabilizing activity ATP-dependent protein disaggregase activity ATP-dependent activity protein binding binding C3HC4-type RING finger domain binding protein domain specific binding molecular function inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity transcription regulator inhibitor activity denatured protein binding misfolded protein binding histone deacetylase binding enzyme binding protein-containing complex destabilizing activity ATP-dependent protein disaggregase activity ATP-dependent activity heat shock protein binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding molecular function activator activity signaling receptor binding death receptor agonist activity signaling receptor regulator activity receptor ligand activity signaling receptor activator activity ubiquitin protein ligase binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding virus receptor activity exogenous protein binding RNA binding nucleic acid binding ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone protein folding chaperone transcription corepressor activity transcription regulator activity transcription coregulator activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity unfolded protein binding pyrophosphatase activity ATP hydrolysis activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity G protein-coupled receptor binding disordered domain specific binding	protein refolding cellular biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process protein maturation protein folding biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biological process protein refolding cellular biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process protein maturation protein folding biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process protein metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process regulation of cellular component organization negative regulation of cellular component organization regulation of inclusion body assembly biological regulation negative regulation of biological process inclusion body assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization cellular component assembly negative regulation of cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis negative regulation of inclusion body assembly cellular response to stimulus positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction response to stimulus signaling positive regulation of biological process response to cytokine regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cell communication positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of response to stimulus cellular response to tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to cytokine stimulus signal transduction positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway response to peptide regulation of response to cytokine stimulus regulation of response to stimulus response to chemical regulation of cell communication response to tumor necrosis factor positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling regulation of protein stability regulation of biological quality protein stabilization negative regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of primary metabolic process protein ubiquitination negative regulation of protein modification process negative regulation of protein ubiquitination regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal protein modification process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal regulation of post-translational protein modification regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process macromolecule modification post-translational protein modification regulation of metabolic process protein modification by small protein conjugation protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression positive regulation of gene expression regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process response to topologically incorrect protein response to stress response to unfolded protein cellular response to heat cellular response to stress response to heat response to abiotic stimulus response to temperature stimulus regulation of cytoskeleton organization non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly microtubule cytoskeleton organization regulation of mitotic spindle organization mitotic cell cycle regulation of mitotic spindle assembly mitotic sister chromatid segregation cell cycle regulation of cell cycle chromosome segregation microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis spindle organization cell cycle process mitotic nuclear division organelle assembly regulation of cell cycle process organelle fission regulation of microtubule-based process chromosome organization sister chromatid segregation regulation of spindle organization spindle assembly regulation of organelle organization mitotic spindle organization regulation of spindle assembly mitotic spindle assembly organelle organization nuclear division mitotic cell cycle process regulation of organelle assembly nuclear chromosome segregation microtubule-based process cytoskeleton organization regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to hormone response to steroid hormone cellular response to lipid cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to hormone stimulus regulation of growth growth negative regulation of cell growth regulation of cell growth cell growth negative regulation of growth regulation of localization apoptotic mitochondrial changes regulation of programmed cell death localization negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of membrane permeability negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process cell death establishment of localization negative regulation of apoptotic process regulation of membrane permeability negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability transport negative regulation of signaling mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in programmed cell death negative regulation of cell communication mitochondrial membrane organization positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability mitochondrial transport mitochondrion organization membrane organization regulation of transport negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of organelle organization regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of mitochondrion organization negative regulation of membrane permeability apoptotic process mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization programmed cell death positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process catabolic process positive regulation of protein metabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process proteolysis proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of catabolic process positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process positive regulation of catabolic process regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway response to biotic stimulus intracellular signal transduction immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of immune response regulation of immune system process positive regulation of immune system process innate immune response-activating signaling pathway positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response response to external stimulus positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway defense response to other organism regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of defense response activation of innate immune response regulation of immune response activation of immune response regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus intracellular receptor signaling pathway regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of response to external stimulus immune response-regulating signaling pathway regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of response to stress innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway positive regulation of innate immune response defense response regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway defense response to symbiont positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway immune system process response to oxidative stress cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress multicellular organismal process positive regulation of interleukin-8 production cytokine production regulation of cytokine production regulation of multicellular organismal process interleukin-8 production positive regulation of multicellular organismal process positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of interleukin-8 production negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway cell surface receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway cellular response to growth factor stimulus cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus response to transforming growth factor beta transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway response to growth factor transforming growth factor beta receptor superfamily signaling pathway negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity RNA metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process positive regulation of molecular function nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of molecular function regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulation of DNA-templated transcription cellular developmental process regulation of developmental process homeostatic process cell development regulation of cell differentiation regulation of cell development positive regulation of developmental process multicellular organism development positive regulation of cell differentiation cell differentiation anatomical structure development myeloid cell homeostasis erythrocyte homeostasis developmental process regulation of multicellular organismal development hemopoiesis regulation of myeloid cell differentiation erythrocyte differentiation regulation of erythrocyte differentiation positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation multicellular organismal-level homeostasis myeloid cell differentiation positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation regulation of hemopoiesis homeostasis of number of cells chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding chaperone-mediated protein folding 'de novo' protein folding 'de novo' post-translational protein folding cellular response to topologically incorrect protein cellular response to unfolded protein negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process heat acclimation cellular heat acclimation ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process small molecule metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process nucleotide metabolic process purine-containing compound metabolic process organophosphate metabolic process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process regulation of ribonuclease activity regulation of catalytic activity regulation of endoribonuclease activity regulation of nuclease activity positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of nuclease activity positive regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of hydrolase activity regulation of hydrolase activity positive regulation of endoribonuclease activity negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand signal transduction in absence of ligand extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly protein-containing complex organization protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of organelle organization regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization positive regulation of cellular component organization regulation of protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly microtubule polymerization or depolymerization positive regulation of protein polymerization protein polymerization positive regulation of microtubule nucleation positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization microtubule polymerization positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization regulation of microtubule nucleation microtubule nucleation regulation of microtubule polymerization regulation of protein polymerization positive regulation of microtubule polymerization regulation of supramolecular fiber organization supramolecular fiber organization RNA processing RNA splicing regulation of RNA splicing positive regulation of RNA splicing RNA catabolic process mRNA catabolic process mRNA metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process negative regulation of gene expression nucleic acid catabolic process negative regulation of cell population proliferation cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation cellular localization establishment of localization in cell vacuolar transport intracellular transport lysosomal transport	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle cytoplasm cytosol inclusion body perinuclear region of cytoplasm mitochondrion anchoring junction cell junction focal adhesion cell-substrate junction centrosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle microtubule cytoskeleton non-membrane-bounded organelle centriole aggresome intracellular vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule endomembrane system cytoplasmic vesicle ficolin-1-rich granule lumen secretory granule secretory vesicle protein-containing complex blood microparticle ribonucleoprotein complex endoplasmic reticulum

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR013126	Heat shock protein 70 family	Family
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR018181	Heat shock protein 70, conserved site	Conserved Site
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR043129	ATPase, nucleotide binding domain	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR029048	Heat shock protein 70kD, C-terminal domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	IPR029047	Heat shock protein 70kD, peptide-binding domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, B, C, D, E A, B, C, D, E, F	Pharos: P0DMV8	pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma liver disease melanoma Neoplasm Metastasis prostate cancer drug allergy Parkinson disease heart disease skin basal cell carcinoma hepatitis B virus infection tuberculosis wet macular degeneration large cell medulloblastoma acute kidney failure lung cancer pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma liver disease melanoma Neoplasm Metastasis prostate cancer drug allergy Parkinson disease heart disease skin basal cell carcinoma hepatitis B virus infection tuberculosis wet macular degeneration large cell medulloblastoma acute kidney failure lung cancer astrocytic tumor medulloblastoma breast cancer myocardial ischemia coronary artery disease endometriosis pituitary cancer gastric cancer squamous cell lung carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma ischemia reperfusion injury lung carcinoma autism spectrum disorder major depressive disorder brain injury cervical cancer dermatomyositis paranoid schizophrenia eosinophilic esophagitis gastric carcinoma schizophrenia systemic lupus erythematosus hypertensive disorder vitiligo lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm membranous glomerulonephritis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ovarian cancer

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.