Annotations: 6AFG

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d6afga_	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	Flavodoxin-like	Class I glutamine amidotransferase-like	DJ-1/PfpI	DJ-1	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Class I glutamine amidotransferase-like	8038244	3001405	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	DJ-1_PfpI	e6afgA1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: Flavodoxin-like	H: Class I glutamine amidotransferase-like	T: Class I glutamine amidotransferase-like	F: DJ-1_PfpI	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.40.50.880	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	Class I glutamine amidotransferase (GATase) domain	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF01965	DJ-1/PfpI family (DJ-1_PfpI)	DJ-1/PfpI family	The family includes the protease PfpI Swiss:Q51732 [1]. This domain is also found in transcriptional regulators such as Swiss:Q9RJG8.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1	catalytic activity, acting on a protein protein deglycase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides hydrolase activity catalytic activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds enzyme regulator activity molecular function inhibitor activity ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity enzyme inhibitor activity protein binding binding catalytic activity, acting on a protein protein deglycase activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides hydrolase activity catalytic activity hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds enzyme regulator activity molecular function inhibitor activity ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity molecular function regulator activity enzyme inhibitor activity protein binding binding small protein activating enzyme binding enzyme binding enzyme activator activity molecular function activator activity L-dopa decarboxylase activator activity ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding cell adhesion molecule binding cadherin binding superoxide dismutase copper chaperone activity metallochaperone activity molecular carrier activity copper chaperone activity signaling receptor binding peptidase activity scaffold protein binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear androgen receptor binding glyoxalase (glycolic acid-forming) activity hydro-lyase activity lyase activity carbon-oxygen lyase activity identical protein binding protein homodimerization activity protein dimerization activity tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activator activity oxidoreductase activity oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor peptidase regulator activity peptidase inhibitor activity cation binding cuprous ion binding transition metal ion binding copper ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding cupric ion binding ubiquitin-specific protease binding protease binding RNA binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding mRNA binding molecular sensor activity oxygen sensor activity transcription coactivator activity transcription regulator activity transcription coregulator activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity cytokine binding kinase binding peroxidase activity antioxidant activity peroxiredoxin activity mercury ion binding signaling receptor regulator activity signaling receptor activator activity	ketone metabolic process metabolic process cellular process aldehyde metabolic process methylglyoxal metabolic process regulation of protein stability biological regulation regulation of biological quality protein stabilization cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus negative regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction ketone metabolic process metabolic process cellular process aldehyde metabolic process methylglyoxal metabolic process regulation of protein stability biological regulation regulation of biological quality protein stabilization cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus negative regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction regulation of programmed cell death extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cell communication negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of death-inducing signaling complex assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway signal transduction negative regulation of death-inducing signaling complex assembly regulation of biological process negative regulation of cellular component organization negative regulation of programmed cell death regulation of apoptotic process cell death negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of apoptotic process regulation of response to stimulus regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of cellular component organization signaling negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of cell communication cellular component organization regulation of protein-containing complex assembly protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway protein-containing complex organization negative regulation of response to stimulus regulation of cellular component biogenesis negative regulation of signal transduction regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway death-inducing signaling complex assembly apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of cell communication apoptotic process programmed cell death intracellular receptor signaling pathway response to lipid hormone-mediated signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone response to steroid hormone androgen receptor signaling pathway nuclear receptor-mediated steroid hormone signaling pathway cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus response to organic cyclic compound steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway cellular response to hormone stimulus response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to chemical stimulus response to chemical cellular response to lipid nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway catabolic process autophagy process utilizing autophagic mechanism regulation of protein modification process regulation of protein phosphorylation negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of protein modification process protein metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process protein phosphorylation phosphorylation regulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process primary metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of protein phosphorylation macromolecule modification negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process regulation of phosphorylation regulation of phosphorus metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of phosphorylation regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of autophagy positive regulation of biological process regulation of catabolic process regulation of autophagy positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion positive regulation of catabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion autophagy of mitochondrion positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of phosphorylation positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process peptidyl-serine modification positive regulation of protein modification process peptidyl-serine phosphorylation peptidyl-amino acid modification positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of protein phosphorylation positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation sexual reproduction reproductive process fertilization single fertilization regulation of localization import into cell cellular localization transport synaptic vesicle cycle regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling vesicle-mediated transport presynaptic endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport in synapse localization synaptic vesicle recycling regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis establishment of localization in cell regulation of endocytosis synaptic vesicle endocytosis regulation of transport regulation of vesicle-mediated transport establishment of localization endocytosis response to oxidative stress cellular response to stress response to stress cellular response to oxidative stress cellular response to chemical stress negative regulation of proteolysis negative regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process negative regulation of protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process proteolysis negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process modification-dependent protein catabolic process negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process negative regulation of post-translational protein modification protein deubiquitination negative regulation of protein K48-linked deubiquitination regulation of protein K48-linked deubiquitination protein modification by small protein removal regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal protein K48-linked deubiquitination negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal regulation of post-translational protein modification negative regulation of protein deubiquitination regulation of protein deubiquitination post-translational protein modification protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors negative regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway multicellular organismal process positive regulation of interleukin-8 production positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process cytokine production regulation of cytokine production regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of biosynthetic process interleukin-8 production gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process positive regulation of cytokine production regulation of interleukin-8 production regulation of supramolecular fiber organization supramolecular fiber organization membrane hyperpolarization regulation of membrane potential positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus regulation of defense response regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus regulation of response to external stimulus positive regulation of acute inflammatory response inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of response to external stimulus positive regulation of inflammatory response positive regulation of immune response regulation of response to stress regulation of immune system process acute inflammatory response positive regulation of immune system process defense response immune response regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus response to external stimulus regulation of inflammatory response positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus immune system process positive regulation of defense response regulation of acute inflammatory response regulation of immune response inflammatory response detoxification of inorganic compound response to mercury ion response to metal ion detoxification detoxification of mercury ion response to toxic substance oxoacid metabolic process organic hydroxy compound metabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process methylglyoxal catabolic process organic acid metabolic process methylglyoxal catabolic process to lactate lactate metabolic process ketone catabolic process small molecule metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process aldehyde catabolic process small molecule catabolic process regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway cellular response to oxygen-containing compound regulation of neuron apoptotic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress neuron apoptotic process neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death cellular response to reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway response to oxygen-containing compound negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide response to reactive oxygen species neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide hydrogen peroxide metabolic process reactive oxygen species metabolic process response to superoxide cellular oxidant detoxification cellular response to oxygen radical cellular detoxification removal of superoxide radicals superoxide metabolic process cellular response to superoxide cellular response to toxic substance response to oxygen radical aerobic respiration cellular respiration aerobic electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds ATP synthesis coupled electron transport electron transport chain regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of cellular respiration positive regulation of cellular respiration respiratory electron transport chain generation of precursor metabolites and energy mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone regulation of aerobic respiration regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential L-dopa biosynthetic process modified amino acid biosynthetic process amino acid metabolic process organic acid biosynthetic process regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process alpha-amino acid metabolic process carboxylic acid biosynthetic process non-proteinogenic amino acid metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of amino acid metabolic process positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process non-proteinogenic amino acid biosynthetic process regulation of L-dopa biosynthetic process aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process aromatic amino acid metabolic process small molecule biosynthetic process modified amino acid metabolic process L-amino acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process L-amino acid metabolic process L-dopa metabolic process positive regulation of L-dopa biosynthetic process amino acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process small GTPase-mediated signal transduction Ras protein signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette monoatomic ion transmembrane transport regulation of transmembrane transporter activity regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport regulation of transporter activity monoatomic cation transmembrane transport positive regulation of molecular function monoatomic ion transport monoatomic cation transport regulation of proton transport proton transmembrane transport regulation of monoatomic ion transport inorganic ion transmembrane transport inorganic cation transmembrane transport transmembrane transport regulation of molecular function regulation of transmembrane transport positive regulation of transport positive regulation of transporter activity positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity protein repair reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process response to ketone response to methylglyoxal cellular detoxification of aldehyde cellular response to methylglyoxal cellular response to aldehyde cellular detoxification of methylglyoxal cellular response to ketone negative regulation of gene expression negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway regulation of protein sumoylation peptidyl-lysine modification negative regulation of protein sumoylation protein sumoylation protein modification by small protein conjugation nucleoside phosphate metabolic process guanine deglycation nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process organophosphate metabolic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process detection of oxidative stress protein acylation negative regulation of protein acetylation regulation of protein acetylation protein acetylation dopamine metabolic process catechol-containing compound metabolic process biogenic amine biosynthetic process catecholamine metabolic process dopamine biosynthetic process catecholamine biosynthetic process catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process positive regulation of amine metabolic process positive regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process regulation of dopamine metabolic process positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process regulation of amine metabolic process regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process amine metabolic process amine biosynthetic process phenol-containing compound metabolic process organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process regulation of catecholamine metabolic process biogenic amine metabolic process protein localization negative regulation of protein transport establishment of protein localization negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport nuclear transport negative regulation of intracellular protein transport negative regulation of transport cellular macromolecule localization nuclear export regulation of protein export from nucleus regulation of intracellular transport negative regulation of establishment of protein localization intracellular transport regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport protein localization to nucleus protein export from nucleus maintenance of location regulation of intracellular protein transport intracellular protein transport maintenance of protein location regulation of protein localization maintenance of location in cell maintenance of protein location in cell negative regulation of protein export from nucleus negative regulation of protein localization negative regulation of intracellular transport regulation of establishment of protein localization maintenance of protein location in nucleus regulation of protein transport protein transport regulation of cellular localization macromolecule localization protein localization to organelle maintenance of protein localization in organelle regulation of protein ubiquitination protein ubiquitination negative regulation of protein ubiquitination positive regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly guanine deglycation, methylglyoxal removal positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of programmed cell death positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway positive regulation of signaling response to copper ion detoxification of copper ion stress response to copper ion stress response to metal ion DNA metabolic process nucleic acid metabolic process DNA damage response DNA repair positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion secretion by cell amide transport signal release secretion regulation of hormone levels establishment of protein localization to extracellular region cell-cell signaling export from cell protein secretion peptide transport peptide hormone secretion hormone transport insulin secretion chemical homeostasis homeostatic process glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus regulation of protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of protein localization adult locomotory behavior behavior adult behavior locomotory behavior response to hydrogen peroxide detoxification of hydrogen peroxide negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process lactate biosynthetic process monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process guanine deglycation, glyoxal removal regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction positive regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity regulation of catalytic activity regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity positive regulation of catalytic activity regulation of oxidoreductase activity positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity cellular response to hydrogen peroxide glyoxal metabolic process cellular response to glyoxal cellular response to nitrosative stress negative regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway response to nitrosative stress intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress membrane depolarization monoamine transport organic hydroxy compound transport dopamine transport catecholamine uptake dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission synaptic signaling catecholamine transport neurotransmitter reuptake trans-synaptic signaling catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission neurotransmitter transport chemical synaptic transmission anterograde trans-synaptic signaling neurotransmitter uptake synaptic transmission, dopaminergic dopamine uptake organelle organization mitochondrion organization alcohol metabolic process alcohol biosynthetic process glycolate biosynthetic process primary alcohol biosynthetic process primary alcohol metabolic process glycolate metabolic process	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell body membrane-bounded organelle transport vesicle synapse intracellular vesicle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle presynapse cytoplasmic vesicle cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol cell body membrane-bounded organelle transport vesicle synapse intracellular vesicle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system intracellular organelle presynapse cytoplasmic vesicle synaptic vesicle organelle cell junction secretory vesicle vesicle exocytic vesicle mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrion membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen organelle envelope lumen organelle envelope organelle lumen mitochondrial envelope cell periphery plasma membrane membrane membrane microdomain membrane raft mitochondrial matrix extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space extracellular membrane-bounded organelle membraneless organelle intracellular membraneless organelle chromatin chromosome cell-cell junction adherens junction anchoring junction perinuclear region of cytoplasm axon cell projection neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection nucleus nucleoplasm nuclear lumen endoplasmic reticulum nuclear body PML body

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR006287	Protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1	Family
A	IPR029062	Class I glutamine amidotransferase-like	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR002818	DJ-1/PfpI	Domain
A	IPR050325	Protein/nucleic acid deglycase	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: Q99497	Parkinson disease autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7 perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis ulcerative colitis osteoporosis Reticulocytosis pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia complex rheumatoid arthritis diabetes mellitus hepatocellular carcinoma neurodegenerative disease cancer drug-induced liver injury inflammatory bowel disease Parkinson disease autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease 7 perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis ulcerative colitis osteoporosis Reticulocytosis pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia complex rheumatoid arthritis diabetes mellitus hepatocellular carcinoma neurodegenerative disease cancer drug-induced liver injury inflammatory bowel disease lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma ovarian cancer parkinsonian disorder plasma cell myeloma autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease 2 Crohn disease intellectual disability necrotizing enterocolitis

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.